Neodymium magnets strength chart. 5 to 1 Tesla. Neodymium magnets strength chart

 
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The following number comes from an actual material prMagnetic Field Calculator. 118'' Thk. When a permanent magnet is fully magnetized, its magnetic. $20. $0. A low coercivity grade Neodymium magnet may begin to lose strength if heated. Add to cart. You can measure the magnetic field in teslas or the magnetic flux in webers or Teslas • m 2 ("tesla square meters"). This is a special glass for goggles used during glass blowing and welding. How Is The Strength Of A Magnet Measured; A History Of Electricity And Magnetism; A Comparison Of Magnetic Materials At A Glance; How Does A Magnet Work;. Horse bootHorse mountain chart footwear guide rider measurement Mountain horse mountain high rider ii tall bootNew mountain horse aurora. The magnetic properties of the various grades of neodymium magnets are adjusted by using varying amounts of rare earth elements in the alloy mixture, with each element adjusting the. It refers to the maximum magnetic energy that the material can be stored. Quantity. This method works by pulling the magnet off a surface to which it is attached. Neodymium magnets are the most powerful sort of permanent magnet available to users. Thin Flat Circle Disc C5 Ceramic Magnet 18 x 2mm. 200℃ (392℉) Neodymium Magnet ( also called Neodymium Iron Boron Magnet, Strong Magnet) can be supplied in different grade and size. 20mm O. Get in Touch to Discuss Your Application. 26 inch x 1/8 inch, Pack of 12. That “N” number relates to their maximum energy product, a measure of strength expressed in MegaGaussOersteds, or MGOe. Neodymium magnets (also known as Neo, NdFeB, NIB or super magnets) , a type of rare earth magnets, are the permanent magnets made from neodymium, iron, boron and other rare earth elements. From £1. #3. 004” to 0. The strength of these magnets has to do with the electron array in the neodymium, the rare earth they are made from. This little coil, smaller than a can of soda, helped scientists achieve a new world record for a continuous DC magnetic field at 45. Check out our full collection here. F294. Holding Power: 7 lbs. The grade of the metal, surface condition and angle of pull all have an impact on the pull strength. Simply put, the maximum energy product is an indicator of magnet strength. Besides, in 10 years, a neodymium magnet might not lose up to 10% of its strength. BROWSE CATALOG. Magnets can be used to generate magnetic fields in neural electrical activity research. A neodymium magnet in there, even an un-magnetized one, might only be a little better than an air core. Neodymium grades can start as low as N25 and go as high as N55. Bunting designs and manufactures a wide range of magnets and magnetic assemblies . The grade is a good indicator of the strength of a magnet. The strength of rare earth magnets. The number in the magnet grade refers to the strongest point of the material’s B-H curve, or its maximum energy product. magnet strength should not be compared with armature OHMs of resistance. Fill in all of the blank calculation fields, click the calculate button and the results will appear. Resulting Force (lbf): Neodymium Magnetic Pull Force Calculator calculates expected pull forces based on a single magne testing. Looking at the purple line on the graph, it is a little bit hard to read at 100% D but the magnetic field would be about 2% of the Residual value. Neodymium Historical Price Movement. combination of high magnetic output at moderate cost. Composed of neodymium, iron & boron, these strong permanent magnets are the most powerful class of magnet materials. $0. A round neodymium magnet with a diameter of 20mm and a thickness of 3mm has a pull force of approximately 3. N35 Neodymium Disc Magnet: Superior Strength in a Compact Size. At Adams Magnetic Products, we offer the following types of hard ceramic magnets: Ceramic ring magnets: These magnets are typically used in craft, hobby, and manufacturing projects. they generate their own magnetic field) made from an alloy of the metallic elements neodymium, iron and boron. Huge inventory, fast shipping. Neodymium magnets, which require rare earth elements, tend to cost significantly more. Unit Price Each. Saturation Field Strength. Around 6-9 kilotonnes (kt) of neodymium were used for EVs in 2020, 15-20% of all permanent magnet use in 2020. Neodymium Magnets vs. 2 Tesla) with small gaps, especially if. Copper and titanium may be added to increase magnetic strength. Neodymium magnets (NdFeB) are super strong and are the strongest rare earth permanent magnets available. Neo magnets can be found in a variety of applications including high performance motors, brushless DC motors, magnetic separation, magnetic resonance imaging, sensors, switches. Three key magnetic properties include Remanence, Coercivity, and the (Maximum) Energy Product. Ferrite magnets are made from more abundant, inexpensive materials and are cheaper to. For example, a disc-shaped magnet. Magnetic characteristics distribution charts of NEOREC Series. This magnet strength chart is useful to find the right magnet strength for your needs, whether you want a strong neodymium magnet for a high-performance job. The higher the grade, or N number, the incrementa. $0. They have an elaborate manufacturing process of vacuum melting, milling, pressing and sintering. Neodymium magnets are a permanent type of Rare Earth Magnet, made from neodymium, iron, boron and other transition elements. These magnets can have a. Copper and titanium may be added to increase magnetic strength. Traditionally, magnetizing field H, is measured in amperes per meter. 98buy 100+ items and save 27%. Despite their mega strength, Neodymium magnets are considered to have a low maximum temperature resistance. They're produced from rare earth minerals, which are among the world's most powerful things. ¸ 4. The Neo magnets are less brittle than SmCo. magnet pull strength: Exposing magnets to high temperatures outside their design range may cause magnets to fail completely or show signs of weakening. Magnetic properties In its pure form, neodymium has magnetic properties—specifically, it is antiferromagnetic —but only at low temperatures, below 19 K (−254. STRONGEST MAGNETS. Neodymium magnets come with an incredible magnetic field. The major application of neodymium is in high-strength. 9 to 5. There are eight standard grades of these permanent rare earth magnets. NdFeB. Applications: These magnetic badge attachments are used for all types of name badges. kA/M. some are replicas of original t-jet, some are uniquely new. 100 - Above. This magnet produced from rare earth. This is often referred to as the magnet’s coercivity and you can read more about this here. This data sheet covers the standard production range of NdFeB magnets (currently 55 grades) that are commonly. + Highest Energy of All Permanent Magnets. 24 hours. Very high resistance to demagnetization. The term “rare earth” can be misleading, because. OK. Generally speaking, neodymium magnets range from N35 to N55 in grade. Grades of ndfeb magnetsBuy strong neodymium magnets,rare earth magnets,n52 magnets reviews Magnet grade grades magnets neodymium strong rare earth strength n52 temperature strongest reviews buy should chooseGrades magnets teachersparadise. 76. 375 inches in diameter byAdjust the scale to zero to cancel the weight of the test piece and spacer. Double the N number and you get. They include countersunk holes or threaded features that allow for mounting with standard hardware (nuts and bolts), as well as various hooks. Disc and Cylinder magnets can be axially or diametrically magnetized. 27kg Pull. Continue reading → 1 - Neodymium iron boron (NdFeb) Neodymium magnets are the most powerful magnets available (per unit volume) with the ability to attract 1,000 times their own weight. The Gold and Silver plating layers are 1-2 μm thick. Overall, our best guess for neodymium market demand in 2021 is around 20-30kTpa. 12 best images about world religion on pinterestChristianity vs mormon mormonism chart choose board doctrine Mormonism shares many unsusual historical features with christianityMormon vs. N42 grade offers a high performance. Inhalation overexposure of iron dust may cause siderosis, a benign pneumoconiosis. 5mm I. All neodymium magnets have both a south and north pole as shown in the illustrations below. A rare-earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements. Our neodymium discs bar, block & cube magnets are sintered for optimal magnetic strength and axially magnetized (the magnetism direction is along the axis of the magnet from the north to the south poles). Neodymium magnets have a strength grade associated with them, from N30 to N52. Neodymium Badge Magnets w/Adhesive Back. 439 products. Strength: 1kg-3kg, Magnet size: Height:12mm. It can be showed by the magnet’s Demagnetization Curve, or BH Curve – the strongest point is (BH)max. Neodymium magnets were first produced in response to the high price of samarium-cobalt magnets, giving need to identify an economical, high. ,LimitedStandard car magnet sizes and guidelinesIndex of /images/img_oth Car magnets – rainbow printingMagnetic strength chart. Price Range:. I have a hard drive magnet stuck to my fridge and given its strength I would say its a rare earth neodymium magnet. From £12. Neodymium magnets are typically composed of one -third neodymium, along with iron and boron. At first4magnets. 439 products. 17 Jun 2019. For an in-depth explanation of how this calculator works, check out our Gap Calculator article. Click here to go to our Repelling Force Magnet Calculator that shows the repelling force generated between two same-sized magnets. They are widely used as. 1. You need to work through a variety of neodymium magnets to find a balance between size and pull strength. The magnet grade, or N rating, refers to the Maximum Energy Product of the material from which the magnet is made; it refers to the maximum strength the material can be magnetized to hold permanently. Although the maximum possible energy product is calculated in to be N64, it is unlikely such high strengths of Neodymium will be achievable in the near future. WARNING: KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. It all starts with the letter "N", representing neodymium. 385. Grade magnets 1st anchor chart 2nd science magnet activities. The north pole is indicated in red, and the south pole in indicated in gray. There are some suffix letters following the grade such as M, H or SH. A ferrite or ceramic magnet usually. Even this can generate a force of over 1700 grams (3. Magnetic jewelry – Magnetic therapy jewelry is often made with neodymium magnets; these magnets are also used in bracelet and necklace clasps. R 11. Remagnetize with a Strong Permanent Magnet: Follow these steps to remagnetize your magnet using a strong permanent magnet: a. 000 gauss. They have an elaborate manufacturing process of vacuum melting, milling, pressing and sintering. $17. Suggestion: With the progress of technology, the magnet performance may be changed, customers should refer to the latest version of our company; in addition to the above NdFeB magnet grades, our company can also produce special performance NdFeB magnets, welcome to contact us. Compared with many cheaper N35 grade neodymium magnets, their magnetism is 20% higher. A rare-earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements. The grade N42 means a neodymium magnet has a maximum energy product of 42 MGOe. Maximum energy product, also referred to as BHmax is. All Surface Field values are at the magnet surface, in the center of the axis of magnetization. 947. If you have any questions feel free to give us a call (888-727-3327). A 2-gram (0. In terms of power, a rare earth magnet is about 2-7 times stronger than a standard magnet. A. A Neodymium (Rare Earth) magnets Grade (eg:N42) is an accurate guide to the strength of a magnet. Neodymium N52 Disk Magnet 1mm x 1mm 1000pcs. In general, higher numbers indicate a stronger magnet. According to the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Florida State University, a fridge magnet is about 0. The edge radius also provides a moreAt today’s price of $125. These extra-strong Neodymium N38 Bar Magnets offer high strength over a relatively large area, making them great for practical mechanical applications. Neodymium magnets in the UK are the strongest commercially available magnets, meaning that they can lift objects many times their weight. Neodymium (NdFeB) magnets are incredibly strong and have a maximum strength (BHmax) from 30 MGOe to 55 MGOe. Neodymium is the strongest type of permanent magnets, samarium cobalt is. For further information on bespoke magnet assemblies and magnet designs, please contact us via: Phone: +44 (0) 1442 875081. From £4. In 1984, Sagawa, Hadjipanayis, and Croat independently discovered Neodymium magnet nearly at the same time. N35 is, therefore, the weakest and n50 the strongest of the neodymium magnets. Neodymium is the strongest type of permanent magnets, samarium cobalt is the second strongest. N52 magnets are the strongest neodymium magnets you’ll come. When designing a magnetic solution, physical strength is not always the most important factor and each material has its own unique. Additionally, these particles have a magnetic anisotropy of 4. x 0. Two D84 disc magnets repel one another, but must be constrained in the tube for stability. In one tesla-unit there is 10. Box Package, SCD156. N rating. N35 and N52 magnet demagnetization curves. thick - 0. This attribute paves the way for developing compact, slim speakers without compromising their sound output. For the Thanksgiving Day holiday, orders placed after 1:00PM EST on Wednesday, 11/22/2023, will be shipped on Monday, 11/27/2023. Another way to understand it is that Permeability is the ability of a material to become magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. Resulting Force (lbf): Neodymium Magnetic Pull Force Calculator calculates expected pull forces based on a single magne testing. To put the power of two. christian beliefs. Unit Price Each. 90%. 56% since the beginning of 2023, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Add to cart. This strength is due to the tight arrangement of the crystalline structure of. Magnets can repel each other with enough force. In other words, a motor or device using N52 magnet (s) would have much higher performance than that using N35 magnet (s), and/or it would be much smaller and lighter. Compared to its price of $109. Our high-quality Rare Earth Magnets are made from alloys of rare-earth elements. Magnetized. Topics Covered in this Guide. Magnetic Field Calculator. they generate their own magnetic field) made from an alloy of the metallic elements neodymium, iron and boron. magnets tumbled (honed) to create a slight radius (0. Total demand for Rare Earth Oxides is seen growing at 4% per annum by CRU. Menu. Neodymium Iron Boron magnets are the strongest permanent magnets available at room temperature and up to about 180 degrees C –measured by their magnetic Remanence (Br). Frenergy Magnets offer a wide, inexpensive, and high-quality range of Neodymium Rare Earth Magnets to customers both in Australia and overseas, ranging in grades from N35 to N52, and in pull force from 58grams to 1000kg. (Typical ranges for standard Eriez Rare Earth (RE) magnet circuits are up to 150 degrees Fahrenheit, 150 to 250, 250 to 400 and maximum 850 degrees Fahrenheit. 1 High performance neodymium magnet for IPM motor NEOREC Series Neodymium Magnets Magnetic Materials Information. Some of which are N35, N38, N42, N45, and N48. Magnets are stronger when the number is higher. Enter Quantity: Add to cart. The main ingredients of a neodymium magnet are neodymium itself, iron, and boron; the chemical compound known as NdFeb. Alnico magnets are permanent magnets made of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. In it’s rod form, Alnico 5 gives the traditional Fender tone. * Orders of any size. Choose from our selection of round magnets, including neodymium magnets, encased neodymium magnets, and more. 6kg. Unit Conversion Calculator: This calculator deals with converting key magnetic units. Typically, the higher the magnet grade, the greater the corresponding strength of the magnet. Magnetic induction B (also known as magnetic flux density) has the SI unit tesla [T or Wb/m 2 ]. Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), or “neo” magnets offer the highest energy product of any material today and are available in a wide range of shapes, sizes and grades. But there's an even easier way to think of permeability. Magnetic field drops off as the cube of the distance from a dipole source. A rare earth magnet will generate a much stronger magnetic field output and is also generally harder to. Frenergy Magnets offer a wide, inexpensive, and high-quality range of Neodymium Rare Earth Magnets to customers both in Australia and overseas, ranging in grades from N35 to N52, and in pull force from 58grams to 1000kg. As a rule Neodymium Magnets lose 0. In a pipeline which is cleaned using steam, the temperature will be above 100 degrees C for a period of time. 2lbs (with a ½” ferrous ball) and can be purchased in square and round options. Within the working temperature range, neodymium magnets lose 0. They will retain their power over hundreds of years. 75% this year. 11%/°C Density 7. A round neodymium magnet with a diameter of 20mm and a thickness of 3mm has a pull force of approximately 3. This is the primary indicator of a magnets ‘strength’. For example, you are going to be driving your car during a storm. Measuring Magnetic Field Strength of Neodymium Magnets Using a Gaussmeter. k. 5. Higher values mean stronger magnets. 20. Honesun Industrial Co. If it is exceeded, then the small loss will not be recovered on. Hundreds of uses: household, industrial, and commercial. Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made, producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets. As an example, these plated high-temperature N35 neodymium disc magnets can often be found in oil filters to separate. Buy neodymium magnets in over 250 different shapes and sizes, including strong N42, N52, and N55 magnets. The maximum energy product of a magnet is measured in Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe). Be aware that standard neodymium magnets will lose strength if heated over 178°F. Neodymium Grades. The successful development of Neodymium magnet announced the birth of the third. Tesla isn’t going to use. On returning to normal operating temperatures below 176 degrees F, there is an irreversible loss in magnetic strength and permanent damage. they generate their own magnetic field) made from an alloy of the metallic elements neodymium, iron and boron. 45buy 1000+ items and save 24%. Neuron specific enolase which is the determinant of neuronal damage and S100 blood levels. they generate their own magnetic field) made from an alloy of the metallic elements neodymium, iron and boron. This magnetic power is known as maximum energy product / MGOe (Mega Gauss Oesteds). Different designs call for different grades of magnets. Hundreds of uses: household, industrial, and commercial. It is a method of measuring a magnet’s max strength & the limit of that magnet’s holding power. Neodymium magnets are available in a wide variety of grades such as N42, N52 and N42SH. Our site includes a history of magnets , a glossary of magnetic terms used. 1. . These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields are required. The two most common rare earth magnets are Neodymium (Nd-Fe-B) and Samarium Cobalt (SmCo). Neodymium is a ductile and malleable silvery white metal. 2 1. 5–0. Science Project Magnets. This calculator only considers discs and cylinders that are magnetized along the cylindrical axis. Stock No. $1. 5 tesla. This distance may be closely related to a. How strong is grade N52? - Grade N52 strength is the highest neodymium magnet. 6 5. Neodymium Grades A Neodymium (Rare Earth) magnets Grade (eg:N42) is an accurate guide to the strength of a magnet. The coil was wound using a. High temperature grades of neodymium. Buy Neodymium Magnets online with Bunting – eMagnets™. 11. Unexpectedly, after the. Generally speaking, higher grade numbers indicate a stronger or more powerful magnet. 22% in value. Neodymium magnets operate better at colder temperatures. Neodymium is one of the more reactive lanthanides—a group of similar metallic elements numbered 57-71 on the periodic table. For reference, a small N45 3 x 2mm Neodymium disc has a strength of attraction of 0,18 Kg, whereas a N48 has 0,25 Kg (39% more !!!). So, when defining your magnet need, keep in mind that the higher the number,. The magnets are positioned with opposite poles facing one another, so that the magnets are attracting towards one another. A higher N is stronger. Flexural Strength-0. The exact ingredients depend on the grade or strength of magnet being produced. 10-100. When classifying neodymium magnets according to their magnetic strength, the grades come into view. com stocks multiple widths and lengths of grate magnets and provides fast shipping for your convenience. The size of a neodymium magnet directly impacts its strength. 118'' Thk. Permeability (electromagnetism) In electromagnetism, permeability is the measure of magnetization produced in a material in response to an applied magnetic field. Fish stirring bars out of containers using the magnetic end of these retrievers. Key Features: Material: Premium N35 Neodymium. Visit our neodymium magnet materials page for additional. Nolen (National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, 09/87) demonstrated SmCo having a better performance, with Sm 2 Co 17 offering 2-40 times. Quantity. It is possible that some hard drives use N52 magnets but in general there is no way to tell. Locate the poles on a magnet. Introducing the strongest magnets available at first4magnets! N52 grade neodymium was the strongest magnetic. Saturation Field Strength. This is about 200 times the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. Neo Magnets are the strongest magnets in the world – the higher the grade, the. Counter-bored neodymium magnets with opposite poles on the counter-bored faces provide a secure hold and because neodymium is the strongest magnetic material in the world a magnet just 5mm in diameter can be effective. Pull the scale upward very slowly while maintaining a perpendicular angle. Neodymium is also used in the glass for tanning booths, since it transmits the tanning UV rays but not the heating infrared rays. The big difference is in the optimum temperatures for each magnet. A magnet grade is a good measure of the strength of a magnet. It is the force that a magnet can exert on an object made of ferromagnetic material, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt. The two-digit number that follows signifies the maximum energy product, measured in Mega-Gauss Oersteds (MGOe). 99 $19. The epoxy magnet with no visible rust tested just fine. It is hard to pull apart both N35 and N52 magnets, so it is tough to tell which is which just by pulling them apart. Coeff. 00. That's the property that tends to redirect the electromagnet's field through the core. A Neodymium (Rare Earth) magnet Grade (for example, N42) is an accurate guide to the strength of a magnet. Demagnetization Curve. Many are bespoke for specific applications. Low working temperature for heat applications, but higher levels of heat resistance materials are being. Getting started; neodymium magnets strength; neodymium magnets strength - Manufacturers, Suppliers, Factory from China We have now numerous great personnel members good at advertising, QC, and working with kinds of troublesome dilemma from the creation course of action for neodymium magnets strength, Irregular Motor Magnets,. 5/cm³ Vickers Hardness 600Hv Tensile Strength 8. The names of all neodymium magnets begin with “N”, which means neodymium. The magnetic field is the tendency for a magnetic force to be induced on moving charged particles in the presence of these. The magnet with Ni-Cu-Ni coating will have a much higher pull force than a magnet with plastic coating. There are four main types of permanent magnets – neodymium, samarium cobalt, alnico and ferrite. Neodymium magnets are greatly used as. Adams Hard Magnet Materials Catalog updated 2020. The surface. e. Alnico magnets come in several variations with different amounts of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt. The strength of neodymium magnets also enables the creation of a strong magnetic field in a smaller space. Magnetic Permeability is simply the ability of the material to form an internal magnetic field within itself under the influence of an applied magnetic field. While N52 magnets have a strength of 52 MGOe, a magnet made to work in any direction might only achieve 10-12 MGOe. Click Picture For Full Description and Wholesale Quantity Price Break Discounts. But some compounds of neodymium with transition metals such as iron are ferromagnetic, with Curie temperatures well above room temperature. N50 is the highest readily available grade. Test Equipment; Production Equipment; Technological Process; QC Certificates; Capabilities. These values are based on both theoretical models and extensive laboratory testing. A higher grade number indicates a higher magnetic strength. Available. Magnet grade is the Arabic numerals used to distinguish the different properties. In terms of raw magnetic strength, neodymium magnets often outshine other types. The necessary. At room temperatures, NdFeB magnets exhibit the highest properties of all magnet materials. Neodymium N52 Disk Magnet 1mm x 1mm 1000pcs. Dry Erase Board Magnets. Fill in all of the blank calculation fields, click the calculate button and the results will appear. *compiled from “General Safety Considerations for the Installation and Operation of Superconducting Magnet Systems”, Rev. In conclusion, the strength comparison between electromagnets and neodymium magnets reveals a captivating interplay of dynamic adaptability and unwavering permanence. e. There are five main types of permanent magnet material; these are, in order of strength from strongest to weakest, neodymium, samarium cobalt, alnico, ferrite, and flexible rubber. WPH-LG. 50 x 50 x 25mm Ultra high Performance N52 Neodymium Magnet - 116kg Pull. WPH-LG. A round neodymium magnet with a diameter of 15mm and a thickness of 4mm has a pull force of about 2. 04 per kg, then this rare earth metal has gained +78. Our business aims to operating faithfully, serving to all of our clients , and working in new technology and new machine continuously for Neodymium Magnet Strength Rating, Dc Neodymium Magnet Motor, Can You. There are eight standard grades of these permanent rare earth magnets. The magnetic field is the tendency for a magnetic force to be induced on moving charged particles in the. The first and most popular are the Neodymium Magnets affixed inside a steel housing. These magnets are widely used in products like microphones, professional loudspeakers, in-ear headphones, high-performance hobby DC electric motors, and computer hard disks, where low magnet mass (or volume) or strong magnetic fields. The commonly available grades range from N30. 8kg. With a few assumptions, flux density (in Gauss) can be related to the expected pull force. Your online source for incredibly powerful neodymium magnets. Maximum energy product, also referred to as BHmax is calculated. The moment the neodymium magnets were released, the can of Coke was instantly crushed by a powerful force, scattering the Coke all over the place. And it is more completely and precisely than a single number like pull force or surface field. Waterproof hook magnet, great for hanging decor. Good ones have an attractive. So, the magnetic energy the combination of neodymium, iron, and boron can store, makes the alloy very magnetic. Alnico magnets have 5 to 17 times the magnetic force of magnetite or lodestone. EV and wind turbines together accounted for around one third of the permanent magnet use. Technical information about different grades of super strong neodymium magnets. BuyMagnets. And provides professional design and consultation service according to customers’ requirements. Neodymium magnets can reach a listed pull force of 1. £4. 00 per kg, neodymium changed –40.